比特币合约模拟交易软件比特币智能合约

2022-02-10 08:04:24

❶ 比特币合约交易什么意思

合约交易是对比特币莱特币期货合约交易的统称。
2013年6月，796交易所在比特币业内率先开发出了比特币周交割标准期货—T+0双向交易虚拟商品作押易货合约（合约交易）。
合约交易的出现结束了此前比特币不能做空的历史，开启了比特币衍生品市场发展繁荣的序幕。

温馨提示：以上信息仅供参考，不代表任何建议。

应答时间：2020-12-16，最新业务变化请以平安银行官网公布为准。
[平安银行我知道]想要知道更多？快来看“平安银行我知道”吧~
https://b.pingan.com.cn/paim/iknow/index.html

❷ 智能合约是什么

智能合约"(smart contract)这个术语至少可以追溯到1995年，是由多产的跨领域法律学者尼克·萨博(Nick Szabo)提出来的。他在发表在自己的网站的几篇文章中提到了智能合约的理念。他的定义如下:
"一个智能合约是一套以数字形式定义的承诺(promises)，包括合约参与方可以在上面执行这些承诺的协议。"
让我们更加详细地探讨他的定义的意思。
承诺
一套承诺指的是合约参与方同意的(经常是相互的)权利和义务。这些承诺定义了合约的本质和目的。以一个销售合约为典型例子。卖家承诺发送货物，买家承诺支付合理的货款。
数字形式
数字形式意味着合约不得不写入计算机可读的代码中。这是必须的，因为只要参与方达成协定，智能合约建立的权利和义务，是由一台计算机或者计算机网络执行的。
更进一步地说明:
(1)达成协定
智能合约的参与方什么时候达成协定呢?答案取决于特定的智能合约实施。一般而言，当参与方通过在合约宿主平台上安装合约，致力于合约的执行时，合约就被发现了。
(2)合约执行
"执行"的真正意思也依赖于实施。一般而言，执行意味着通过技术手段积极实施。
(3)计算机可读的代码
另外，合约需要的特定"数字形式"非常依赖于参与方同意使用的协议。
协议
协议是技术实现(technical implementation)，在这个基础上，合约承诺被实现，或者合约承诺实现被记录下来。选择哪个协议取决于许多因素，最重要的因素是在合约履行期间，被交易资产的本质。
再次以销售合约为例。假设，参与方同意货款以比特币支付。选择的协议很明显将会是比特币协议，在此协议上，智能合约被实施。因此，合约必须要用到的"数字形式"就是比特币脚本语言。比特币脚本语言是一种非图灵完备的、命令式的、基于栈的编程语言，类似于Forth。

❸ 《区块链技术驱动金融数字货币与智能合约技术》pdf下载在线阅读全文，求百度网盘云资源

《区块链技术驱动金融》（阿尔文德·纳拉亚南）电子书网盘下载免费在线阅读

链接:

提取码: 3gs3

书名：区块链技术驱动金融

作者：阿尔文德·纳拉亚南

译者：林华

豆瓣评分：8.2

出版社：中信出版社,中信出版集团

出版年份：2016-8-25

页数：432

内容简介：

《区块链：技术驱动金融》回答了一系列关于比特币如何运用区块链技术运作的问题，并且着重讲述了各种技术功能，以及未来会形成的网络。比特币是如何运作的？它因何而与众不同？你的比特币安全吗？比特币用户如何匿名？区块链如何帮助比特币实现没有身份的共识？我们可以在比特币这一平台上创建什么应用程序？加密数字货币可以被监管吗？创建一种新的数字货币将会带来什么样的变化？未来将会如何发展？

作者简介：

阿尔文德·纳拉亚南，普林斯顿大学计算机系副教授，科学家。

约什·贝努，电子前沿基金（Electronic Frontier Foundation）技术员，斯坦福大学博士后。

爱德华·费尔顿，普林斯顿大学计算机科学和公共事务教授，2015年被任命为奥巴马总统的技术顾问。

安德鲁·米勒，马里兰大学计算机科学博士。

史蒂文·戈德费德，普林斯顿大学计算机科学博士。

译者简介：

林华，中国资产证券化研究院院长、中国资产证券化分析网董事长、中国基金行政管理网CEO、兴业银行独立董事。

王勇，光大证券首席风险官。

帅初，唯链科技（vechain）首席技术官，中国区块链开源平台QtumChain的设计者。

蔡凯龙，点石资产管理创始人，厦门抬钱论道资产管理公司执委会主席，互联网金融千人会联合创始人。

许余洁，联合信用评级有限公司研究总监，中国资产证券化研究院首席研究员，西南财经大学特聘研究员。

李耀光，某合资证券公司结构融资总监。

高晓婧，兴业银行总行投资银行部。

洪浩，中泰证券债券与结构金融部。

❹ 如何理解区块链的智能合约

智能合约”（smart contract）这个术语至少可以追溯到1995年，是由多产的跨领域法律学者尼克·萨博（Nick Szabo）提出来的。他在发表在自己的网站的几篇文章中提到了智能合约的理念。他的定义如下：

“一个智能合约是一套以数字形式定义的承诺（promises），包括合约参与方可以在上面执行这些承诺的协议。”

让我们更加详细地探讨他的定义的意思。

承诺

一套承诺指的是合约参与方同意的（经常是相互的）权利和义务。这些承诺定义了合约的本质和目的。以一个销售合约为典型例子。卖家承诺发送货物，买家承诺支付合理的货款。

数字形式

数字形式意味着合约不得不写入计算机可读的代码中。这是必须的，因为只要参与方达成协定，智能合约建立的权利和义务，是由一台计算机或者计算机网络执行的。

更进一步地说明：

（1）达成协定

智能合约的参与方什么时候达成协定呢？答案取决于特定的智能合约实施。一般而言，当参与方通过在合约宿主平台上安装合约，致力于合约的执行时，合约就被发现了。

（2）合约执行

“执行”的真正意思也依赖于实施。一般而言，执行意味着通过技术手段积极实施。

（3）计算机可读的代码

另外，合约需要的特定“数字形式”非常依赖于参与方同意使用的协议。

协议

协议是技术实现（technical implementation），在这个基础上，合约承诺被实现，或者合约承诺实现被记录下来。选择哪个协议取决于许多因素，最重要的因素是在合约履行期间，被交易资产的本质。

再次以销售合约为例。假设，参与方同意货款以比特币支付。选择的协议很明显将会是比特币协议，在此协议上，智能合约被实施。因此，合约必须要用到的“数字形式”就是比特币脚本语言。比特币脚本语言是一种非图灵完备的、命令式的、基于栈的编程语言，类似于Forth。

智能合约

链乔教育在线旗下学硕创新区块链技术工作站是中国教育部学校规划建设发展中心开展的“智慧学习工场2020-学硕创新工作站 ”唯一获准的“区块链技术专业”试点工作站。专业站立足为学生提供多样化成长路径，推进专业学位研究生产学研结合培养模式改革，构建应用型、复合型人才培养体系。

❺ 比特币支持智能合约吗

不支持比特币只能点对点传输目前

❻ 币易上的BTC、USDT、ETH、BCH、LTC是什么意思

BTC、USDT、ETH、BCH、LTC的意思分别是：

1、BTC

比特币（BitCoin），概念最初由中本聪在2009年提出，根据中本聪的思路设计发布的开源软件以及建构其上的P2P网络。比特币是一种P2P形式的数字货币。点对点的传输意味着一个去中心化的支付系统。

2、USDT

泰达币，是一种将加密货币与法定货币美元挂钩的虚拟货币，是一种保存在外汇储备账户、获得法定货币支持的虚拟货币。

3、ETH

以太坊，是一个开源的有智能合约功能的公共区块链平台，通过其专用加密货币以太币（Ether）提供去中心化的以太虚拟机（Ethereum Virtual Machine）来处理点对点合约。

4、BCH

比特币现金，是由一小部分比特币开发者推出的不同配置的新版比特币。

2017年8月1日20：20分，比特币现金开始挖矿，每个比特币投资者的账户上将出现与比特币数量等量的比特币现金（BCH）。

5、LTC

莱特币（Litecoin），简写：LTC，货币符号：Ł；是一种基于“点对点”(peer-to-peer)技术的网络货币，也是MIT/X11许可下的一个开源软件项目。它可以帮助用户即时付款给世界上任何一个人。

参考资料来源：网络-比特币

参考资料来源：网络-泰达币

参考资料来源：网络-以太坊

参考资料来源：网络-比特币现金

参考资料来源：网络-莱特币

❼ BTC、LTC、ETH、ETC、BCH这些分别是什么币呀

分别是：

比特币

比特币（BitCoin）的概念最初由中本聪在2009年提出，根据中本聪的思路设计发布的开源软件以及建构其上的P2P网络。比特币是一种P2P形式的数字货币。点对点的传输意味着一个去中心化的支付系统。

比特币现金

比特币现金（Bitcoin Cash）是由一小部分比特币开发者推出的不同配置的新版比特币。

(7)比特币智能合约脚本扩展阅读：

虚拟货币是指非真实的货币。知名的虚拟货币如网络公司的网络币、腾讯公司的Q币，Q点、盛大公司的点券，新浪推出的微币（用于微游戏、新浪读书等），侠义元宝（用于侠义道游戏），纹银（用于碧雪情天游戏）。

2013年流行的数字货币有，比特币、莱特币、无限币、夸克币、泽塔币、烧烤币、便士币（外网）、隐形金条、红币、质数币。目前全世界发行有上百种数字货币。圈内流行"比特金、莱特银、无限铜、便士铝“的传说。

❽ 以太坊是什么丨以太坊开发入门指南

以太坊是什么丨以太坊开发入门指南
很多同学已经跃跃欲试投入到区块链开发队伍当中来，可是又感觉无从下手，本文将基于以太坊平台，以通俗的方式介绍以太坊开发中涉及的各晦涩的概念，轻松带大家入门。
以太坊是什么
以太坊（Ethereum）是一个建立在区块链技术之上，去中心化应用平台。它允许任何人在平台中建立和使用通过区块链技术运行的去中心化应用。
对这句话不理解的同学，姑且可以理解为以太坊是区块链里的Android，它是一个开发平台，让我们就可以像基于Android Framework一样基于区块链技术写应用。
在没有以太坊之前，写区块链应用是这样的：拷贝一份比特币代码，然后去改底层代码如加密算法，共识机制，网络协议等等（很多山寨币就是这样，改改就出来一个新币）。
以太坊平台对底层区块链技术进行了封装，让区块链应用开发者可以直接基于以太坊平台进行开发，开发者只要专注于应用本身的开发，从而大大降低了难度。
目前围绕以太坊已经形成了一个较为完善的开发生态圈：有社区的支持，有很多开发框架、工具可以选择。
智能合约
什么是智能合约
以太坊上的程序称之为智能合约，它是代码和数据(状态)的集合。
智能合约可以理解为在区块链上可以自动执行的（由事件驱动的）、以代码形式编写的合同（特殊的交易）。
在比特币脚本中，我们讲到过比特币的交易是可以编程的，但是比特币脚本有很多的限制，能够编写的程序也有限，而以太坊则更加完备（在计算机科学术语中，称它为是“图灵完备的”），让我们就像使用任何高级语言一样来编写几乎可以做任何事情的程序（智能合约）。
智能合约非常适合对信任、安全和持久性要求较高的应用场景，比如：数字货币、数字资产、投票、保险、金融应用、预测市场、产权所有权管理、物联网、点对点交易等等。
目前除数字货币之外，真正落地的应用还不多（就像移动平台刚开始出来一样），相信1到3年内，各种杀手级会慢慢出现。
编程语言：Solidity
智能合约的默认的编程语言是Solidity，文件扩展名以.sol结尾。
Solidity是和JavaScript相似的语言，用它来开发合约并编译成以太坊虚拟机字节代码。
还有长像Python的智能合约开发语言：Serpent，不过建议大家还是使用Solidity。
Browser-Solidity是一个浏览器的Solidity IDE, 大家可以点进去看看，以后我们更多文章介绍Solidity这个语言。
运行环境：EVM
EVM（Ethereum Virtual Machine）以太坊虚拟机是以太坊中智能合约的运行环境。
Solidity之于EVM，就像之于跟JVM的关系一样，这样大家就容易理解了。
以太坊虚拟机是一个隔离的环境，在EVM内部运行的代码不能跟外部有联系。
而EVM运行在以太坊节点上，当我们把合约部署到以太坊网络上之后，合约就可以在以太坊网络中运行了。
合约的编译
以太坊虚拟机上运行的是合约的字节码形式，需要我们在部署之前先对合约进行编译，可以选择Browser-Solidity Web IDE或solc编译器。
合约的部署
在以太坊上开发应用时，常常要使用到以太坊客户端（钱包）。平时我们在开发中，一般不接触到客户端或钱包的概念，它是什么呢？
以太坊客户端（钱包）
以太坊客户端，其实我们可以把它理解为一个开发者工具，它提供账户管理、挖矿、转账、智能合约的部署和执行等等功能。
EVM是由以太坊客户端提供的。
Geth是典型的开发以太坊时使用的客户端，基于Go语言开发。 Geth提供了一个交互式命令控制台，通过命令控制台中包含了以太坊的各种功能（API）。Geth的使用我们之后会有文章介绍，这里大家先有个概念。
Geth控制台和Chrome浏览器开发者工具里的面的控制台是类似，不过是跑在终端里。
相对于Geth，Mist则是图形化操作界面的以太坊客户端。
如何部署
智能合约的部署是指把合约字节码发布到区块链上，并使用一个特定的地址来标示这个合约，这个地址称为合约账户。
以太坊中有两类账户：
· 外部账户
该类账户被私钥控制（由人控制），没有关联任何代码。
· 合约账户
该类账户被它们的合约代码控制且有代码与之关联。
和比特币使用UTXO的设计不一样，以太坊使用更为简单的账户概念。
两类账户对于EVM来说是一样的。
外部账户与合约账户的区别和关系是这样的：一个外部账户可以通过创建和用自己的私钥来对交易进行签名，来发送消息给另一个外部账户或合约账户。
在两个外部账户之间传送消息是价值转移的过程。但从外部账户到合约账户的消息会激活合约账户的代码，允许它执行各种动作（比如转移代币，写入内部存储，挖出一个新代币，执行一些运算，创建一个新的合约等等）。
只有当外部账户发出指令时，合同账户才会执行相应的操作。
合约部署就是将编译好的合约字节码通过外部账号发送交易的形式部署到以太坊区块链上（由实际矿工出块之后，才真正部署成功）。
运行
合约部署之后，当需要调用这个智能合约的方法时只需要向这个合约账户发送消息（交易）即可，通过消息触发后智能合约的代码就会在EVM中执行了。
Gas
和云计算相似，占用区块链的资源（不管是简单的转账交易，还是合约的部署和执行）同样需要付出相应的费用（天下没有免费的午餐对不对!）。
以太坊上用Gas机制来计费，Gas也可以认为是一个工作量单位，智能合约越复杂（计算步骤的数量和类型，占用的内存等），用来完成运行就需要越多Gas。
任何特定的合约所需的运行合约的Gas数量是固定的，由合约的复杂度决定。
而Gas价格由运行合约的人在提交运行合约请求的时候规定，以确定他愿意为这次交易愿意付出的费用：Gas价格（用以太币计价） * Gas数量。
Gas的目的是限制执行交易所需的工作量，同时为执行支付费用。当EVM执行交易时，Gas将按照特定规则被逐渐消耗，无论执行到什么位置，一旦Gas被耗尽，将会触发异常。当前调用帧所做的所有状态修改都将被回滚，如果执行结束还有Gas剩余，这些Gas将被返还给发送账户。
如果没有这个限制，就会有人写出无法停止（如：死循环）的合约来阻塞网络。
因此实际上（把前面的内容串起来），我们需要一个有以太币余额的外部账户，来发起一个交易（普通交易或部署、运行一个合约），运行时，矿工收取相应的工作量费用。
以太坊网络
有些着急的同学要问了，没有以太币，要怎么进行智能合约的开发？可以选择以下方式：
选择以太坊官网测试网络Testnet
测试网络中，我们可以很容易获得免费的以太币，缺点是需要发很长时间初始化节点。
使用私有链
创建自己的以太币私有测试网络，通常也称为私有链，我们可以用它来作为一个测试环境来开发、调试和测试智能合约。
通过上面提到的Geth很容易就可以创建一个属于自己的测试网络，以太币想挖多少挖多少，也免去了同步正式网络的整个区块链数据。
使用开发者网络(模式)
相比私有链，开发者网络(模式)下，会自动分配一个有大量余额的开发者账户给我们使用。
使用模拟环境
另一个创建测试网络的方法是使用testrpc，testrpc是在本地使用内存模拟的一个以太坊环境，对于开发调试来说，更方便快捷。而且testrpc可以在启动时帮我们创建10个存有资金的测试账户。
进行合约开发时，可以在testrpc中测试通过后，再部署到Geth节点中去。
更新：testrpc 现在已经并入到Truffle 开发框架中，现在名字是Ganache CLI。
Dapp：去中心化的应用程序
以太坊社区把基于智能合约的应用称为去中心化的应用程序(DecentralizedApp)。如果我们把区块链理解为一个不可篡改的数据库，智能合约理解为和数据库打交道的程序，那就很容易理解Dapp了，一个Dapp不单单有智能合约，比如还需要有一个友好的用户界面和其他的东西。
Truffle
Truffle是Dapp开发框架，他可以帮我们处理掉大量无关紧要的小事情，让我们可以迅速开始写代码-编译-部署-测试-打包DApp这个流程。
总结
我们现在来总结一下，以太坊是平台，它让我们方便的使用区块链技术开发去中心化的应用，在这个应用中，使用Solidity来编写和区块链交互的智能合约，合约编写好后之后，我们需要用以太坊客户端用一个有余额的账户去部署及运行合约（使用Truffle框架可以更好的帮助我们做这些事情了）。为了开发方便，我们可以用Geth或testrpc来搭建一个测试网络。
注：本文中为了方便大家理解，对一些概念做了类比，有些严格来不是准确，不过我也认为对于初学者，也没有必要把每一个概念掌握的很细致和准确，学习是一个逐步深入的过程，很多时候我们会发现，过一段后，我们会对同一个东西有不一样的理解。

❶ What does Bitcoin contract trading mean?

Contract trading is the collective name for Bitcoin Litecoin futures contract trading.
In June 2013, 796 Exchange took the lead in the Bitcoin industry to develop the Bitcoin weekly delivery standard futures-T+0 two-way trading virtual commodity pledged barter contract (contract transaction).
The emergence of contract trading ended the previous history that Bitcoin could not be shorted, and opened the prelude to the development and prosperity of the Bitcoin derivatives market.

Warm reminder: The above information is for reference only and does not represent any advice.

Response time: 2020-12-16. For the latest business changes, please refer to the official website of Ping An Bank.
[I know about Ping An Bank] Want to know more? Come and take a look at "I Know Ping An Bank"~
https://b.pingan.com.cn/paim/iknow/index.html

❷ What is a smart contract

The term "smart contract" dates back to at least 1995, coined by the prolific interdisciplinary legal scholar Nick Szabo. He published several articles on his website mentioned the concept of smart contracts. His definition is as follows:
"A smart contract is a set of promises defined in digital form, including an agreement on which contract participants can execute these promises. "
Let's explore what his definition means in more detail.
Commitments
A set of commitments refers to the (often mutual) rights and obligations agreed upon by the parties to a contract. These commitments define Understand the nature and purpose of the contract. Take a sales contract as a typical example. The seller promises to deliver the goods, and the buyer promises to pay a reasonable price.
Digital form
Digital form means that the contract must be written in a computer-readable format in the code. This is necessary because as long as the participants reach an agreement, the rights and obligations established by the smart contract are executed by a computer or computer network.
Further explanation:
(1 ) reaches an agreement
When do the participants of a smart contract reach an agreement? The answer depends on the specific smart contract implementation. Generally speaking, when the participants commit to the execution of the contract by installing the contract on the contract host platform, The contract is discovered.
(2) Contract execution
The true meaning of "execution" also depends on implementation. Generally speaking, execution means active implementation through technical means.
(3) Computer-readable code
In addition, the specific "digital form" required for a contract is very dependent on the protocol the parties agree to use.
Protocol
The protocol is a technicalTechnical implementation (technical implementation), on this basis, the contract commitment is realized, or the contract commitment implementation is recorded. Which protocol is chosen depends on many factors, the most important being the nature of the assets being traded during the performance of the contract.
Again, take the sales contract as an example. Assume that the parties agree to pay in Bitcoin. The protocol of choice will obviously be the Bitcoin protocol, on which smart contracts are implemented. Therefore, the "digital form" that the contract must use is the Bitcoin script language. The Bitcoin Script Language is a non-Turing complete, imperative, stack-based programming language similar to Forth.

❸ "Blockchain Technology Drives Financial Digital Currency and Smart Contract Technology" pdf download to read the full text online, seek Baidu Netdisk cloud resources

"Blockchain Technology Drives Finance" ( Arvind Narayanan) E-book network disk download for free online reading

Link:

Extraction code: 3gs3

Book title: Blockchain Technology-Driven Finance

Author: Arvind Narayanan

Translator: Lin Hua

Douban score: 8.2

Publisher: CITIC Publishing House, CITIC Publishing Group

Publishing year: 2016-8-25

Number of pages: 432

Content introduction:

"Blockchain: Technology Drives Finance" answers a series of questions about how Bitcoin operates using blockchain technology, and focuses on various technical functions and the networks that will be formed in the future. How does Bitcoin work? What makes it different? Is your Bitcoin safe? How can Bitcoin users remain anonymous? How does blockchain help Bitcoin achieve identity-less consensus? What applications can we create on the Bitcoin platform? Can cryptocurrencies be regulated? What changes will creating a new digital currency bring? How will the future develop?

About the author:

Arvind Narayanan is an associate professor and scientist in the Department of Computer Science at Princeton University.

Josh Bennu is a technician at the Electronic Frontier Foundation and a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University.

Edward Felton, professor of computer science and public affairs at Princeton University, was appointed as President Obama’s technology advisor in 2015.

Andrew Miller, PhD in computer science from the University of Maryland.

Steven Goldfeder, PhD in computer science from Princeton University.

Translator's introduction:

Lin Hua, President of China Securitization Research Institute, Chairman of China Securitization Analysis Network, CEO of China Fund Administration Network, Independent Director of Industrial Bank .

WangYong, Chief Risk Officer of Everbright Securities.

Shuai Chu, Chief Technology Officer of VeChain Technology (vechain), designer of QtumChain, China’s open source blockchain platform.

Cai Kailong is the founder of Dianshi Asset Management, chairman of the executive committee of Xiamen Tiqian Lundao Asset Management Company, and co-founder of the Internet Finance Thousand People Association.

Xu Yujie is the research director of United Credit Ratings Co., Ltd., chief researcher of China Asset Securitization Research Institute, and distinguished researcher of Southwestern University of Finance and Economics.

Li Yaoguang, director of structured finance of a joint venture securities company.

Gao Xiaojing, Investment Banking Department of Industrial Bank Head Office.

Hong Hao, Bond and Structural Finance Department of Zhongtai Securities.

❹ How to understand smart contracts in blockchain

The term "smart contract" can be traced back to at least 1995 and was coined by the prolific It was proposed by Nick Szabo, an interdisciplinary legal scholar. He mentioned the concept of smart contracts in several articles published on his website. His definition is as follows:

“A smart contract A contract is a set of promises (promises) defined in digital form, including an agreement on which contract participants can execute these promises. ”

Let us explore the meaning of his definition in more detail.

Commitments

A set of promises agreed upon by the parties to a contract (often mutually of) rights and obligations. These commitments define the nature and purpose of the contract. Take a sales contract as a typical example. The seller promises to deliver the goods, and the buyer promises to pay a reasonable price.

Digital form

Digital form means that the contract must be written in computer-readable code. This is necessary because as long as the parties reach an agreement, the rights and obligations established by the smart contract are executed by a computer or computer network.

Further explanation:

(1) Reaching an agreement

When do the participants in a smart contract reach an agreement? The answer depends on the specific smart contract implementation . Generally speaking, a contract is discovered when a participant commits to the execution of the contract by installing the contract on the contract hosting platform.

(2) Contract Execution

" The true meaning of "execution" also depends on implementation. Generally speaking, execution means active implementation through technical means.

(3) Computer-readable code

In addition, the contract requires The specific "digital form" depends heavily on the protocol that the parties agree to use.

Protocol

A protocol is the technical implementation upon which contractual commitments are fulfilled, or Fulfillment of the contract's promise is recorded. Which protocol is chosen depends on many factors, the most important of which is the nature of the assets being traded during the performance of the contract.

Again, take the sales contract as an example. Assume that the parties agree to pay in Bitcoin. The protocol of choice will obviously be the Bitcoin protocol, on which smart contracts are implemented. Therefore, the "digital form" that the contract must use is the Bitcoin script language. The Bitcoin Script Language is a non-Turing complete, imperative, stack-based programming language similar to Forth.

Smart Contract

The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is a Chinese education It is the only approved "blockchain technology professional" pilot workstation for the "Smart Learning Workshop 2020-Master's Degree Innovation Workstation" launched by the Ministry of Education's Planning, Construction and Development Center. The professional position is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.

❺ Does Bitcoin support smart contracts?

Bitcoin is not supported and can only be transferred point-to-point at present

❻ BTC, USDT, ETH, BCH, What does LTC mean?

The meanings of BTC, USDT, ETH, BCH and LTC are respectively:

1. BTC

Bitcoin (BitCoin), the original concept Proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009, the open source software designed and released based on Satoshi Nakamoto's ideas and the P2P network built on it. Bitcoin is a P2P form of digital currency. Peer-to-peer transmission means a decentralized payment system.

2. USDT

Tether is a virtual currency that links cryptocurrency to the legal currency US dollar. It is a currency kept in a foreign exchange reserve account. , a virtual currency backed by legal currency.

3. ETH

Ethereum is an open source public blockchain platform with smart contract functions. It provides decentralized blockchain through its dedicated cryptocurrency Ether. Ethereum Virtual Machine to handle point-to-point contracts.

4. BCH

Bitcoin Cash is a new version of Bitcoin with different configurations launched by a small group of Bitcoin developers.

At 20:20 on August 1, 2017, Bitcoin Cash begins mining, and an amount of Bitcoin Cash (BCH) equal to the number of Bitcoins will appear in the account of each Bitcoin investor.

5. LTC

Litecoin, abbreviation: LTC, currency symbol: Ł; is an online currency based on "peer-to-peer" technology , is also an open source software project under the MIT/X11 license. It helps users make instant payments to anyone in the world.

Reference source: Network-Bitcoin

Reference source: Network-Tether

Reference source: Network-Ethereum

Reference source: Network-Bitcoin Cash

Reference source: Network - Litecoin

❼ What are BTC, LTC, ETH, ETC, and BCH?

They are:

Bitcoin

The concept of Bitcoin (BitCoin) was first proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009. The open source software designed and released based on Satoshi Nakamoto's ideas and the P2P network built on it. Bitcoin is a P2P form of digital currency. Peer-to-peer transmission means a decentralized payment system.

Bitcoin Cash

Bitcoin Cash is a new version of Bitcoin with different configurations launched by a small group of Bitcoin developers.

(7) Extended reading of Bitcoin smart contract script:

Virtual currency refers to non-real currency. Well-known virtual currencies include Internet coins of Internet companies, Q coins of Tencent, Q points, point coupons of Shanda, micro coins launched by Sina (used for micro games, Sina reading, etc.), Chivalrous Yuanbao (used for Chivalrous Road games) ), Pattern Silver (used in Bixue Qingtian game).

The popular digital currencies in 2013 include Bitcoin, Litecoin, Infinity Coin, Quark Coin, Zeta Coin, Barbeque Coin, Penny Coin (external network), invisible gold bars, red coins, and prime coins. There are currently hundreds of digital currencies issued around the world. The legends of "Bit Gold, Lite Silver, Infinite Copper, and Penny Aluminum" are popular in the industry.

❽ What is Ethereum | A Beginner’s Guide to Ethereum Development

What is Ethereum | A Beginner’s Guide to Ethereum Development
Many students are already eager to join the blockchain development team But I feel like I don’t know where to start. This article will be based on the Ethereum platform and introduce the obscure concepts involved in Ethereum development in a popular way, so that you can easily get started.
What is Ethereum
Ethereum is a decentralized application platform built on blockchain technology. It allows anyone to build and use decentralized applications running on blockchain technology within the platform.
For students who don’t understand this sentence, you can temporarily understand that Ethereum is Android in the blockchain. It is a development platform that allows us to write applications based on blockchain technology just like the Android Framework.
Before Ethereum, writing blockchain applications was like this: copy a copy of the Bitcoin code, and then change the underlying code such as encryption algorithm, consensus mechanism, network protocol, etc. (This is the case for many altcoins. A new coin will come out if you change it).
The Ethereum platform encapsulates the underlying blockchain technology, allowing blockchain application developers to develop directly based on the Ethereum platform. Developers only need toFocus on the development of the application itself, thus greatly reducing the difficulty.
At present, a relatively complete development ecosystem has been formed around Ethereum: with community support, there are many development frameworks and tools to choose from.
Smart Contract
What is a Smart Contract
The program on Ethereum is called a smart contract, which is a collection of code and data (state).
Smart contracts can be understood as contracts (special transactions) written in code that can be automatically executed on the blockchain (driven by events).
In Bitcoin Script, we have mentioned that Bitcoin transactions can be programmed, but Bitcoin Script has many restrictions and the programs that can be written are also limited, while Ethereum is more complete (in computer science terms , calling it "Turing complete"), allows us to write programs (smart contracts) that can do almost anything just like any high-level language.
Smart contracts are very suitable for application scenarios that require high trust, security and durability, such as: digital currency, digital assets, voting, insurance, financial applications, prediction markets, property ownership management, Internet of Things, peer-to-peer transactions, etc. wait.
At present, apart from digital currency, there are not many real-life applications (just like the mobile platform has just begun to come out). I believe that within 1 to 3 years, various killers will slowly appear.
Programming language: Solidity
The default programming language for smart contracts is Solidity, and the file extension ends with .sol.
Solidity is a language similar to JavaScript. It is used to develop contracts and compile them into Ethereum Virtual Machine byte code.
There is also a smart contract development language that looks like Python: Serpent, but it is recommended that you still use Solidity.
Browser-Solidity is a Solidity IDE for browsers. You can click in to have a look. We will introduce more articles about the Solidity language in the future.
Operating environment: EVM
EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) Ethereum Virtual Machine is the operating environment for smart contracts in Ethereum.
Solidity is to EVM just like it is to JVM, so it will be easy for everyone to understand.
The Ethereum Virtual Machine is an isolated environment, and the code running inside the EVM cannot have any contact with the outside world.
The EVM runs on the Ethereum node. When we deploy the contract to the Ethereum network, the contract can run on the Ethereum network.
Contract compilation
The Ethereum virtual machine runs the bytecode form of the contract. We need to compile the contract before deployment. You can choose Browser-Solidity Web IDE or solc to compiletranslator.
Contract deployment
When developing applications on Ethereum, the Ethereum client (wallet) is often used. Usually when we are developing, we generally do not come into contact with the concept of client or wallet. What is it?
Ethereum client (wallet)
Ethereum client, in fact, we can understand it as a developer tool, which provides account management, mining, transfer, deployment and execution of smart contracts, etc. Function.
EVM is provided by the Ethereum client.
Geth is a typical client used when developing Ethereum and is developed based on the Go language. Geth provides an interactive command console, which contains various functions (API) of Ethereum through the command console. We will introduce the use of Geth in an article later, but here everyone has a concept.
The Geth console is similar to the console in the Chrome browser developer tools, but it runs in the terminal.
Compared to Geth, Mist is an Ethereum client with a graphical operation interface.
How to deploy
The deployment of smart contracts refers to publishing the contract bytecode to the blockchain and using a specific address to identify the contract. This address is called a contract account.
There are two types of accounts in Ethereum:
· External accounts
This type of account is controlled by a private key (controlled by a person) and is not associated with any code.
·Contract Account
This type of account is controlled by their contract code and has code associated with it.
Unlike Bitcoin’s UTXO design, Ethereum uses a simpler account concept.
Both types of accounts are the same for EVM.
The difference and relationship between external accounts and contract accounts is this: an external account can send messages to another external account or contract account by creating and signing transactions with its own private key.
Sending a message between two external accounts is the process of transferring value. But messages from the external account to the contract account activate the code of the contract account, allowing it to perform various actions (such as transferring tokens, writing to internal storage, mining a new token, performing some operations, creating a new contract, etc. wait).
Only when the external account issues instructions, the contract account will perform the corresponding operation.
Contract deployment is to deploy the compiled contract bytecode to the Ethereum blockchain in the form of sending transactions through an external account (the actual deployment is successful only after the actual miner produces the block).
Run
After the contract is deployed, when you need to call the method of this smart contract, you only need to send a message (transaction) to this contract account. After the message is triggered, the code of the smart contract will be executed in the EVM. .
Gas
Similar to cloud computing, it occupies the resources of the blockchain (whether it is a simple transfer transaction or a contractDeployment and execution) also require corresponding fees (there is no free lunch in the world, right!).
Gas mechanism is used for billing on Ethereum. Gas can also be considered as a workload unit. The more complex the smart contract is (the number and type of calculation steps, the memory occupied, etc.), the more it requires to complete the operation. Gas.
The amount of Gas required to run the contract for any particular contract is fixed and is determined by the complexity of the contract.
The Gas price is stipulated by the person running the contract when submitting a request to run the contract to determine the fee he is willing to pay for this transaction: Gas price (denominated in Ethereum) * Gas quantity.
The purpose of Gas is to limit the amount of work required to execute a transaction while paying for execution. When the EVM executes a transaction, Gas will be gradually consumed according to specific rules. No matter where it is executed, once the Gas is exhausted, an exception will be triggered. All state modifications made in the current call frame will be rolled back. If there is Gas remaining at the end of execution, these Gas will be returned to the sending account.
Without this restriction, someone would write a contract that cannot be stopped (such as an infinite loop) to block the network.
So actually (to put the previous content together), we need an external account with an Ethereum balance to initiate a transaction (ordinary transaction or deploy and run a contract). When running, the miner charges the corresponding work Quantity fee.
Ethereum Network
Some anxious students may want to ask, how can we develop smart contracts without Ethereum? You can choose the following methods:
Select the Ethereum official website test network Testnet
In the test network, we can easily obtain free Ether coins. The disadvantage is that it takes a long time to initialize the node.
Use a private chain
Create your own Ethereum private test network, often also called a private chain, which we can use as a test environment to develop, debug and test smart contracts.
With the Geth mentioned above, it is easy to create your own test network. You can mine as much Ethereum as you want without having to synchronize the entire blockchain data of the official network.
Using the Developer Network (Mode)
Compared with the private chain, under the Developer Network (Mode), a developer account with a large balance will be automatically allocated for us to use.
Use simulation environment
Another way to create a test network is to use testrpc. testrpc is an Ethereum environment simulated locally using memory. It is more convenient and faster for development and debugging. And testrpc can help us create 10 test accounts with funds at startup.
When developing a contract, you can test it in testrpc and then deploy it to the Geth node.
Update: testrpc is now merged into TruIn the ffl development framework, the current name is Ganache CLI.
Dapp: Decentralized Application
The Ethereum community calls applications based on smart contracts decentralized applications (DecentralizedApp). If we understand the blockchain as a database that cannot be tampered with, and smart contracts as programs that deal with the database, then it is easy to understand Dapp. A Dapp not only has smart contracts, but also needs a friendly user interface and other things.
Truffle
Truffle is a Dapp development framework. It can help us deal with a lot of trivial things, allowing us to quickly start the process of writing code - compiling - deploying - testing - packaging DApp.
Summary
Let’s summarize now. Ethereum is a platform that allows us to easily use blockchain technology to develop decentralized applications. In this application, Solidity is used to write and blockchain For interactive smart contracts, after the contract is written, we need to use the Ethereum client to deploy and run the contract with an account with balance (using the Truffle framework can better help us do these things). For the convenience of development, we can use Geth or testrpc to build a test network.
Note: In order to make it easier for everyone to understand, this article makes analogies to some concepts. Some of them are not strictly accurate. However, I also think that for beginners, it is not necessary to master every concept in detail and accurately. Learning is A gradual and in-depth process, many times we will find that after a period of time, we will have different understandings of the same thing.