1. 区块链出现前的时空背景？

数字化时代。

资讯的产生、传递、纪录都呈现指数型成长，全球性、国家内、甚至企业间的运作在传统制度下，大家相安无事。

2008年的金融海啸危机，造成了全球性的信任危机，人们开始怀疑银行的安全性、国家的监管制度，传统透过少数单位、中心化的管理，很容易被刻意隐瞒、恶意篡改，甚至资讯不对称，大部分的资讯掌握在少数人的手里。

2. 区块链要解决的问题是？

消除资讯的不对称。

提供更有效率、更值得信赖、更安全、更便利的方式来进行资料流通。

所有重大的发明和创新，都是为了解决人们在生活遇到的问题，不外乎是便利性、效率和速度。例如：电话让人们的沟通更便利，不需要舟车劳顿、见到面才能讲话，电话帮助我们节省时间、改善沟通的频率和速度。

区块链是共享价值、分布式、程式管理的帐本技术。3. 区块链的核心技术？

区块链是共享价值、分布式、程式管理的帐本技术。

很多人以为区块链的重要性是来自于比特币的崛起和货币发展历史。但比特币只是区块链的第一个应用，后来的乙太币、莱特币、瑞波币、门罗币、、、等等虚拟货币也都只是区块链应用的一小部分，区块链的应用层面不受限于金融产业，而是可以更广、更深地扩及到各行各业。

4. 区块链的帐本是什么？

区块链的帐本(ledger)，是一种数位化的资料记录，不仅限于数字。

这里说的帐本，绝对不是我们印象中的会计帐本、一叠厚厚的文件。

帐本，无所不在。
任何时候，当我们需要建立共识，我们可以透过帐本记录事实，

当然，区块链的帐本也不是流水账、可以乱无章法，
而是在所有参与者的共识下，遵循着基本的记录规则，
如此一来，才能发挥帐本后续使用的价值。

5. 记帐过程，由谁负责更新区块链的帐本？

电脑程式决定(code is law.)

所有区块链参与者取得共识后，会透过电脑运算、程式进行管理，而不是任何人都可以随意记录帐本。

区块链的参与者，分成两大类：供给方与需求方。

区块链的需求方：提出记帐请求的人，
区块链的供给方：帮忙记帐的人，也就是我们常听到的「矿工」，而「挖矿」指的就是记帐过程。

区块链的帐本主要是由供给方负责维护。
而区块链的记帐共识，有很多不同的机制，例如：

工作证明(POW, Proof of work)：根据电脑性能、运算能力最高的矿工来获得记帐的权利。股权证明(POS, Proof of stake)：根据矿工所拥有的资产价值高低，来分配区块链的记帐权。多重签名(Multi Signature)：多重认证，需要同时取得多位矿工的授权才能进行记帐。6. 记帐结果，有谁看得到区块链的帐本？

区块链中所有的参与者都可以看到，这就是区块链的共享价值。

在区块链中，每一位参与者就是区块链中的一个节点(Node)，每一个节点都有权利储存帐本、检视帐本，让帐本得以分布式地储存在不同地方，而不是垄断在特定的机构或个。

区块链中的参与者越多，表示节点越多，更多的帐本备份储存在不同地方，也达到去中心化的目的。

当然，区块链与区块链之间是各自独立的。举例来说，比特币和乙太币是分属于两个不同的区块链，比特币的所有参与者可以看到比特币的帐本，但是看不到乙太币的帐本，只有乙太币的参与者可以看到乙太币的帐本。

7. 区块链的帐本能有什么价值？

帐本的价值取决于区块链记录什么样的资讯。

帐本可以确保所有权。
例如：「土地契约」记录土地的范围和土地所有权归属，是帐本的一种。帐本可以确认身份。
例如：「出生、结婚、死亡登记」记录个人资料，这也是帐本。帐本可以确认地位。
例如：「劳动契约」则明确记录雇主必须提供工资作为报酬，也是帐本。帐本可以确认权利。
例如：「会员合约」界定了我们在特定区域的使用权利(例如：单店的健身房vs.跨店的健身房)。
图片来源：网际网络和区块链的价值层级不同8. 区块链和网际网络有什么不同？

价值层级不同。区块链是重新定义网络协定再去建立应用，网际网络是在既有的网络协定中发挥应用价值。

区块链是由下而上，透过底层技术重新建立一个生态系和经济系统，重新定义资料计算、传输与储存等等的游戏规则。

网际网络则是由上而下，底层技术已经固定，例如：HTTP, TCP/IP等等网络通讯协定，资料格式、资料传输的游戏规则不变，主要从应用层面去建立自己的商业模式，例如：脸书、Google、、等等都是透过www.在传递资讯，但脸书应用在社群网络的连结、Google应用在资料搜寻引擎。

9. 区块链的好处是什么？

资料安全性。可以确保原始资料的正当性、资料传输过程的透明度。

因为区块链本身的分布式存储、去中心化特点，资料一旦被写入区块链，资料就很难窜改，因为帐本散落在区块链每一位参与者的电脑，骇客入侵一台电脑很容易，但要同时修改超过半数以上的参与者所拥有的帐本就很困难。

单笔的资料内容修改困难，而每一笔资料传输过程也是透过时间戳记被记录下来，资料与资料之间的先后关系一目了然，可以确保每一笔记录的单一性，避免重复交易。

10. 区块链的应用有哪些？

区块链能达到什么样程度的应用，端看于你把自己放在什么样的高度。

区块链的技术是颠覆传统的资源分配和思维限制。

举个例子来说，报纸＋电力，电力的发明让报纸从手动印刷改成机械自动印刷，这确实造成报纸市场的改变，让报纸印更快、印更多、也印得更便宜。

但电力发明后，重新回归到报纸最基本的诉求是什么？是传递资讯，所以后来有了广播、电视，分别透过音频、影像的方式来传递资讯，电力发明带来资讯传播的创新不是报纸印更快，而是广播、电视带来全新的资讯传递方式、跳脱了传统的文字限制。

而区块链就好比当时的电力，现有产业＋区块链会带来什么样的应用呢？

可能是当今产业的进化，就好比自动印刷改变报纸业;
也可能是创造新的产业、新的商业模式，好比广播业、电视产业的崛起。

而最近的心得就是

这是最好的时代，也是最坏的时代。
最好，是因为这一切有无限可能性，
最坏，也因为这一切有极高风险性。

1. What was the time and space background before the emergence of blockchain?

Digital era.

The generation, transmission, and recording of information have all shown exponential growth. Global, intra-national, and even inter-enterprise operations operate under the traditional system, and everyone lives in peace.

The 2008 financial tsunami crisis caused a global crisis of trust. People began to doubt the safety of banks and the country’s regulatory system. Traditional management through a small number of units and centralized management can easily be deliberately Concealment, malicious tampering, and even information asymmetry, most of the information is in the hands of a few people.

2. What is the problem that blockchain wants to solve?

Eliminate information asymmetry.

Provide a more efficient, more trustworthy, safer and more convenient way to circulate data.

All major inventions and innovations are aimed at solving problems that people encounter in life, and they are nothing more than convenience, efficiency and speed. For example: the telephone makes people's communication more convenient. We don't need to travel hard and meet in person to talk. The telephone helps us save time and improve the frequency and speed of communication.

Blockchain is a shared value, distributed, and program-managed ledger technology. 3. What is the core technology of blockchain?

Blockchain is a ledger technology that shares value, is distributed, and is managed by programs.

Many people think that the importance of blockchain comes from the rise of Bitcoin and the history of currency development. But Bitcoin is only the first application of blockchain. Later virtual currencies such as Ethereum, Litecoin, Ripple, Monero, etc. are only a small part of blockchain applications. Blockchain The application level is not limited to the financial industry, but can be extended wider and deeper to all walks of life.

4. What is the ledger of blockchain?

The ledger of the blockchain is a digital record of data, not limited to numbers.

The account books mentioned here are definitely not the accounting books or thick stack of documents in our impression.

Ledgers are everywhere.
Whenever we need to establish a consensus, we can record facts through a ledger.

Of course, the ledger of the blockchain is not a running account and can be chaotic.
Rather, it is based on the consensus of all participants and following basic recording rules
In this way, the value of the subsequent use of the ledger can be maximized.

5. In the accounting process, who is responsible for updating the blockchain ledger?

Computer program decision (code is law.)

After all blockchain participants reach a consensus, they will be managed through computer calculations and programs, and no one can record the ledger at will.

Blockchain participants are divided into two categories: supply side and demand side.

The demand side of the blockchain: the person who makes the accounting request,
The supply side of the blockchain: the person who helps with the accounting, which is the "miner" we often hear, and "Mining" refers to the accounting process.

BlockchainThe ledger is mainly maintained by the supplier.
The accounting consensus of the blockchain has many different mechanisms, such as:

Proof of work (POW, Proof of work): The miner with the highest computer performance and computing power obtains the right to account. . Proof of stake (POS, Proof of stake): The accounting rights of the blockchain are allocated based on the value of the assets owned by the miners. Multi-signature (Multi Signature): Multiple authentication requires the authorization of multiple miners at the same time to perform accounting. 6. Accounting results, who can see the blockchain ledger?

All participants in the blockchain can see it. This is the shared value of the blockchain.

In the blockchain, each participant is a node (Node) in the blockchain. Each node has the right to store and view the ledger, so that the ledger can be distributed. be stored in different places rather than monopolized in a specific institution or individual.

The more participants in the blockchain, the more nodes there are, and more ledger backups are stored in different places, which also achieves the purpose of decentralization.

Of course, blockchains are independent of each other. For example, Bitcoin and Ethereum belong to two different blockchains. All participants in Bitcoin can see the Bitcoin ledger, but they cannot see the Ethereum ledger, only Ethereum. Coin participants can see the Ethereum ledger.

7. What is the value of blockchain ledgers?

The value of the ledger depends on what information is recorded on the blockchain.

Ledgers ensure ownership.
For example: "Land Deed" records the scope of land and ownership of land, and is a type of ledger. Ledgers can confirm identity.
For example: "Birth, marriage, death registration" records personal information, which is also a ledger. Ledgers confirm status.
For example: "Labor Contract" clearly records that the employer must provide wages as remuneration, and it is also an accounting book. Ledgers confirm rights.
For example: "Membership Contract" defines our rights to use a specific area (for example: a single-store gym vs. a cross-store gym).
Image source: The value levels of the Internet and the blockchain are different 8. What is the difference between the blockchain and the Internet?

Different levels of value. Blockchain is about redefining network protocols and then establishing applications, while the Internet is about exerting application value in existing network protocols.

Blockchain re-establishes an ecosystem and economic system from the bottom up through the underlying technology, redefining the rules of the game for data calculation, transmission and storage, etc.

The Internet is developed from top to bottom. The underlying technology has been fixed, such as HTTP, TCP/IP and other network communication protocols. The data format and data transmission game rules remain unchanged, mainly from the application level. Establish your own business model, such as: Facebook, Google, etc. all deliver information through www.But Facebook is used as a link to social networks, and Google is used as a data search engine.

9. What are the benefits of blockchain?

Data security. It can ensure the legitimacy of the original data and the transparency of the data transmission process.

Due to the distributed storage and decentralized characteristics of the blockchain itself, once the data is written into the blockchain, it is difficult to tamper with it because the ledgers are scattered among every participant in the blockchain. It is easy for hackers to invade a computer, but it is difficult to modify the ledgers owned by more than half of the participants at the same time.

It is difficult to modify the content of a single piece of data, and each data transmission process is also recorded through a time stamp. The sequential relationship between data is clear at a glance, ensuring the singleness of each record. , to avoid duplicate transactions.

10. What are the applications of blockchain?

The extent to which blockchain can be applied depends on how high you place yourself.

Blockchain technology subverts traditional resource allocation and thinking limitations.

For example, newspapers + electricity. The invention of electricity changed newspapers from manual printing to mechanical automatic printing. This indeed caused changes in the newspaper market, allowing newspapers to be printed faster and more, and also Printing is cheaper.

But after the invention of electricity, what is the most basic demand for returning to newspapers? It is to transmit information, so later there were radio and television, which transmitted information through audio and video respectively. The innovation in information dissemination brought about by the invention of electricity was not that newspapers could be printed faster, but that radio and television brought new ways of transmitting information. , breaking away from traditional text limitations.

The blockchain is like electricity at that time. What kind of applications will existing industries + blockchain bring?

It may be the evolution of today's industries, just like automatic printing changing the newspaper industry;
It may also be the creation of new industries and new business models, such as the rise of the radio and television industries.

My recent experience is that

This is the best of times and the worst of times.
The best is because the possibilities are endless.
The worst is because the risks are extremely high.